Frames can also be classified as rigid or flexible. The lateral movement of the sway frames are accounted for in their analysis. A sway frame allows a lateral or sideward movement, while a non-sway frame does not allow movement in the horizontal direction. Frames are classified as sway or non-sway. The vertical members are called columns, and the horizontal members are called beams. Columns.įrames are structures composed of vertical and horizontal members, as shown in Figure 1.3a. Tension structures are similar to columns, with the exception that they are subjected to axial tension. A built-up column is composed of two or more standard sections, as shown in Figure 1.2b. In some engineering applications, where a single-member strength may not be adequate to sustain a given load, built-up columns are used. Columns can be circular, square, or rectangular in their cross sections, and they can also be of standard sections. They are also referred to as struts or stanchions. Beam.Ĭolumns are vertical structural members that are subjected to axial compression, as shown in figure 1.2a. Beams are always loaded in the longitudinal direction. The cross section of a beam can be rectangular, circular, or triangular, or it can be of what are referred to as standard sections, such as channels, tees, angles, and I-sections. For example, the length of the beam, as shown in Figure 1.1, is significantly greater than its breadth and depth. The features of these forms will be briefly discussed in this section.īeams are structural members whose longitudinal dimensions are appreciably greater than their lateral dimensions. Structural members can be classified as beams, columns and tension structures, frames, and trusses. Members or components that make up a structure can have different forms or shapes depending on their functional requirements. There are several types of civil engineering structures, including buildings, bridges, towers, arches, and cables. This is necessary to ensure that the structural members satisfy the safety and the serviceability requirements of the local building code and specifications of the area where the structure is located.ġ.2 Types of Structures and Structural Members Structural analysis establishes the relationship between a structural member’s expected external load and the structure’s corresponding developed internal stresses and displacements that occur within the member when in service. During the preliminary structural design stage, a structure’s potential external load is estimated, and the size of the structure’s interconnected members are determined based on the estimated loads. Structural analysis is the prediction of the response of structures to specified arbitrary external loads. \)Ī structure, as it relates to civil engineering, is a system of interconnected members used to support external loads.
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